I. Chakruok
Osilator mar kristal (ma iluongo ni XO) en achiel kuom gik ma dwarore ahinya e gige tich mag elektronik ma sani. E sistem mag sava, XO timo tich mar "ranyisi mar saa", ma miyo ranyisi mag saa ma ochung' motegno kendo ma kare ne sistem duto. Ka ng’ato medo ng’eyo kwan mar data kendo ng’ato medo dwaro mar bedo gi geno ma malo kendo tiyo maber, tich mar XOs e sava osebedo maduong’ ahinya.
II. Chike madongo mag osilator mag kristal
XO thoro tiyo kod kristal mar quartz, ma nigi teko mar ng’ado ler kendo ma nyalo kelo ng’ich mar masin ka ng’ato otiyo gi ler mar ler. Ka iloko ng’wech mar masin obed ranyisi mar stima ma nigi frekwensi ma ok ng’ich ahinya kokalo kuom sakiut, ranyisi mar saa ma sistemno dwaro, iloso. Frekwensi mar XO nyalo bedo kaka kHz apar nyaka MHz mia mang’eny.
III. Gik madongo ma nyalo timore mag tiyo kod kristal ma loso gik moko e sava
Rieko mar saa mar bod maduong'
Sava dwaro ranyisi mang’eny mag saa e bod maduong’ mondo oket tudruok e tij gik mang’eny kaka prosesa, memori, bas mag PCIe, kod gik ma rito mbui. XOs kelo ranyisi mang’eny mag saa ma nigi frekwensi mopogore opogore kokalo kuom sakiut mag PLL (Phase-Loop ma ochung’ne) mondo gine ni gik mopogore opogore luwore.
Prosesa kod Chipset mar tudruok
CPUs kod chipset dwaro frekwensi motegno mar loso weche ma ng’ato nyalo ng’eyogo. XOs miyo ranyisi mag saa madongo mag module gi, kendo bedo motegno mar frekwensi mulo kaka prosesa tiyo kod kaka data dhi nyime.
Saa mar tudruok mar mbui
Kad mag tudruok mag sava (NICs) thoro dwaro ni otim tudruok ma malo e kinde, ahinya ahinya e gik ma itiyogo kaka loso frekwensi ma malo kod loso data. XOs miyo saa ma nigi ng’eyo ma malo - mar PHY kod MAC mag mbui, kendo gin gik madongo ma konyo e chopo tudruok makare mar mbui.
Chikruok mar Keno kod Rieko mar Data
Sistem matin mag keno kaka RAID kod NVMe geno kuom ranyisi mag saa ma kare mar keto chenro mar data kod loso ketho. XOs ma nigi rang’iny mamalo nyalo medo ng’eyo mar sistem mag kano mwandu kod ng’eyo mar data.
Tudo mar seche ma opogore opogore
E yore mag loso kompyuta ma sani (kaka HPC, yore mag ohala ma nigi frekwensi ma malo), PTP (Protokol mar Seche ma Owinjore) kata NTP (Protokol mar Seche mag Netwok) itiyogo mar loso seche. XOs ma nigi ng’eyo ma malo (kaka, OCXO) tiyo kaka gik ma nyiso seche mag alwora, ma konyo e duoko piny ng’anjo mar seche kendo medo ng’anjo mar riwruok duto mar sistem.
IV. Dwaro madongo mag ler
Ka itiyo gi XOs e alwora mag sava, gik madongo maluwogi dwarore ni iket pach kuomgi:
|
Pikwekwensi (MHz/KHz) |
Kidieny mar frekwensi |
Module mag Tiyo gi Pile |
Lero/Paro |
|
32.768 kHz |
Saa ma piny - |
RTC (Saa mar adier -) |
Otiyogo mar rito seche ka sistem ni e rang'iny mar rito |
|
12/24/48 MHz |
Frekwensi mar rito gik moko duto |
Konta mar USB, konta moketi, kod mamoko. |
Gima pile e tudruok ma oko |
|
MHz 14.318 |
Frekwensi mar weche machon |
Saa mar BIOS, chips moko mag saa machon |
Mos mos, ogol oko e bod mag min mag ndalogi |
|
25 MHz |
Oboke XO |
Netwok PHY, SATA, USB, jenereta mar saa mar min |
Frekwensi ma pile pile mar ranyisi |
|
MHz 100 |
Oboke mar min |
BCLK mar CPU, saa mar PCIe, donjo mar PLL |
Duol mar saa mar min bod mapile |
|
125 MHz |
Frekwensi mar tudruok mar mbui |
Iternet mar gigabit |
Sa mar ranyisi kata PHY |
|
MHz 156.250 |
Frekwensi mar Netwok Mapiyo Maduong' - |
10G/25G/40G/100G Tudore mag Ethernet |
Saa mar SerDes, ma pile e NICs ma nigi ng'wech mamalo |
|
MHz 200 |
Frekwensi mar paro |
Jarit mar DDR3/DDR4 |
Frekwensi mar DDR mar adier en nengo bang' kwan mar frekwensi |
|
MHz 625 |
Frekwensi mar Serdes |
Rieko mapek, PCIe PHY |
Saa mar oro tudruok moluwore |
|
MHz 400-800 |
Sa ma nyiso DDR5 |
Sistem mar paro mar DDR5 |
DDR5 nigi frekwensi mamalo kendo dwaro matek mar saa |
|
2.5-{1}} GHz |
Frekwensi maduong' mar CPU |
Prosesa maduong' |
Owuok kuom BCLK (kaka, 100 MHz) bang’ kwan mar frekwensi |
VI. Kar tieko
Kata obedo ni XO en mana gimoro matin e sava, tije en gima duong’ ahinya. Kata obedo ni en loso data, tudruok e mbui, kata loso saa, ranyisi mag saa ma ochung’ motegno kendo ma nyalo geno gin gino ma miyo sistem tiyo. Kaka ng’ato dhi nyime gi loso maber kaka sava tiyo, dwaro mar tiyo ne XO bende medore. <2Zepa> Yiero dwoko mowinjore mar XO en achiel kuom gik ma nyalo konyowa neno ni sistem mag sava tiyo maber kuom kinde malach.
Hangjing osechiwo kwan maduong’ mar jogo ma ng’iewo gikmoko e tich mar sava, gi ng’iewo XO ma nigi mwandu mang’eny kod gik ma nyalo konyogi, kendo onyalo chiwo kony mar ng’eyo ma luwore.